Introduction to Networking

and Data Communications

Eugene Blanchard

Edited by

Joshua Drake

Bill Randolph

Phuong Ma

This book was written over a period of five years in my spare time while consulting at the Southern Alberta Institute of Technology (SAIT) for various academic departments. Some of the material is reprints of articles that I have written for the Linux Gazette.

When I started consulting in 1994, there were very few books that explored data communications for network computing. The books that I read on data communications only gave a partial view of the "big picture" and tended to assume that the reader had previous knowledge of networking and data communications.

I've tried to sort out the confusing issues in this book and to focus on only the topics of the "moment". I've been successful in the classroom with this approach and hope that you find it meaningful too. I find that most books on the Linux operating system do not cover the data communications aspects of networking. The purpose of this book is to fill this void and introduce the concepts of data communication with a slight leaning towards the Linux operating system.

This material may be distributed only subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Open Publication License, v1.0 or later (the latest version is presently available at http://www.opencontent.org/openpub/)

Distribution of substantively modified versions of this document is prohibited without the explicit permission of the copyright holder.

Distribution of the work or derivative of the work in any standard (paper) book form is prohibited unless prior permission is obtained from the copyright holder.' to the license reference or copy.


Table of Contents
Introduction
Acknowledgements
1. Data Communications
2. Why Telecommunications?
What does networking have to do with telephones?
Voice Channels
Data Channels
3. Introduction to Networking
Networking: The Big Picture
Telecommunications Components of The Big Picture
ISO/OSI
4. Breaking Up the Big Picture!
The Local Loop
Local Area Networks (LANS)
MANs
WANs
5. Printed Resources
6. The Role of Telecommunications in Networking
Local Area Networks (LANs)
MANs
7. A Brief History of Networking
8. Data Communication Network
Performance
Consistency
Reliability
Recovery
Security
Applications
Basic Components
Data Flow
Modems
Digital Connection
Analog Connection
External/Internal Modems
Modem Types
Features of Modems
Modem Speeds/Standards
Transfer Rate versus PC Bus Speed
9. Physical Connection
10. Transmission Media - Guided
Open Wire
Twisted Pair
Unshielded Twisted Pair
Coaxial Cable
Coaxial Cable
Optical fiber
Optical Transmission Modes
Step Index Mode
Graded Index Mode
Single Mode
Advantages of Optical Fiber:
Disadvantages of optical fiber:
Media versus Bandwidth
11. Transmission Media - Unguided
12. RS-232D Serial Interface Standard
13. RS-232D Flow Control
131.
14. Timing
15. Asynchronous Communications
16. Line Encoding
17. Standard Digital Codes
18. Voice Channel Communications
19. Telephone Networks
20. Telephone Line Characteristics
21. Line Impairments
22. Modulation Techniques
23. Modem Modulation
24. AT Command Set
25. Multiplexing
26. Telecommunication Multiplexing
27. Introduction to the ISO - OSI Model
28. Synchronous Transmission
29. Basic Frame Structure
30. Physical Layer
31. IEEE-802.3 Protocol
32. IEEE 802.2 LLC - Logical Link Control Layer
33. 38. Network Interface Cards
34. Repeaters
35. Hubs
36. Bridges
37. Routers
38. Brouters
39. Gateways
40. Token Ring
41. Linux on Token Ring
42. Source Routing
43. ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network
44. ADSL - Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line
45. Cable Modems
46. Quick Introduction to UNIX
47. SAMBA, Win95, NT and HP Jetdirect
48. The Suite of TCP/IP Protocols
49. Internet Protocol
50. Address Resolution Protocol
51. Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
52. Internet Control Message Protocol
53. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
54. User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
55. Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
56. Handy Unix Network Troubleshooting Commands
57. X.25
58. Frame Relay
A. PC Block Diagram
B. PC Quick ID Guide
C. Ethernet Type Field
D. Ethernet Address Assignments
E. IP Protocol Address Space
F. IP Multicast Addresses
G. IP Header Protocols
H. IP Hardware Types
I. TCP/IP Well-Known Ports
J. AT Command Set (Partial Listing)
K. ISO 3166 Country Codes
L. Token Ring - Major Vector IDs
M. The GNU General Public License
N. Copyleft Rules & Regulations