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====== Sincronizzazione ora con NTP ======

Debian GNU/Linux testing Etch con **ntp 4.2.0a**.

===== Server =====

Sul server si installano i pacchetti:

  * ntp-simple
  * ntp-server
  * ntp

Nel file di configurazione ''**/etc/ntp.conf**'' si deve indicare qualche NTP server:

<code>
server ntps.net4u.it
server pool.ntp.org
server 127.127.1.0
fudge 127.127.1.0 stratum 13
</code>

Se il clock di sistema differisce da quello del server NTP di oltre 1000 secondi, il daemon ''**ntpd**'' muore indicando che si deve intervenire manualmente. Per ovviare a questo problema si può creare il cron job ''/etc/cron.d/ntpdate'' che una volta al giorno reimposta l'ora di sistema dal server NTP indipendentemente dalla differenza. Lo stesso script provvede anche a impostare l'orologio hardware dopo aver impostato quello di sistema.

<code bash>
#!/bin/sh
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
invoke-rc.d ntp-server stop
invoke-rc.d ntpdate start
invoke-rc.d ntp-server start
</code>

Appena riavviato il servizio con ''**/etc/init.d/ntp-server restart**'' il demone si sincronizza con il clock interno della macchina (server 127.127.1.0), ma annuncia uno stratum alto: 13. Quindi nei primi istanti di funzionamento il server non è adatto per la sincornizzazione dei client. Poi eventualmente si sincronizza con un server di stratum sufficientemente basso. Nel file di log si legge:

<code>
Dec 15 12:16:15 neon ntpd[10226]: precision = 3.000 usec
Dec 15 12:16:15 neon ntpd[10226]: Listening on interface wildcard, 0.0.0.0#123
Dec 15 12:16:15 neon ntpd[10226]: Listening on interface wildcard, ::#123
Dec 15 12:16:15 neon ntpd[10226]: Listening on interface lo, 127.0.0.1#123
Dec 15 12:16:15 neon ntpd[10226]: Listening on interface eth0, 217.19.151.200#123
Dec 15 12:16:15 neon ntpd[10226]: kernel time sync status 0040
Dec 15 12:16:15 neon ntpd[10226]: frequency initialized -30.279 PPM from /var/lib/ntp/ntp.drift
Dec 15 12:19:37 neon ntpd[10226]: synchronized to LOCAL(0), stratum 13
Dec 15 12:19:37 neon ntpd[10226]: kernel time sync disabled 0041
Dec 15 12:20:43 neon ntpd[10226]: synchronized to 80.83.192.129, stratum 2
Dec 15 12:23:50 neon ntpd[10226]: kernel time sync enabled 0001
</code>

Lo stato del server si interroga sul server stesso con:

<code>
# ntpq -p
     remote           refid      st t when poll reach   delay   offset  jitter
==============================================================================
*ramses.net4u.it 192.53.103.103   2 u   40   64  377   24.119   -5.678   1.855
+qnan.org        192.5.41.41      2 u   40   64  377  179.912  -12.773   1.859
 LOCAL(0)        LOCAL(0)        13 l   41   64  377    0.000    0.000   0.004
</code>

===== ntpq =====

Riportiamo dalla pagina [[http://www.meinberg.de/english/info/ntp.htm|NTP Overview]] una spiegazione dell'output del comando.

<code>
   remote      refid      st t when poll reach   delay   offset  jitter
=======================================================================
 LOCAL(0)      LOCAL(0)   12 l   30   64  377    0.000    0.000   0.000
*GENERIC(0)    .DCFa.      0 -   24   64  377    0.000    0.050   0.003
+172.16.3.103  .PPS.       1 u   36   64  377    1.306   -0.019   0.043
</code>

If the first character of a line is not blank then it contains a qualifier for the corresponding reference time source. Immediately after the daemon has been started all qualifiers are blank. The NTP daemon needs several polling cycles to check the available time sources and declare one of them as the reference it synchronizes to.

An asterisk * in the first column marks the reference time source which is currently preferred by the NTP daemon, the + character marks high quality candidates for the reference time which could be used if the currently selected reference time source should become unavailable.

The column **remote** displays the IP address or the host name of the reference time source, where **LOCAL** refers to the local clock. The **refid** shows the type of the reference clock, where e.g. **LOCAL** or **LCL** refers to the local clockagain, **.DCFa.** refers to a standard DCF77 time source, and **.PPS.** indicates that the reference clock is disciplined by a hardware pulse-per-second signal. Other identifiers are possible, depending on the type of the reference clock.

The column **st** reflects the stratum number of the reference time source. In the example above, the local clock has stratum 12, the remote time server at 172.16.3.103 has stratum 1 which is the best you can see across the network, and the local radio clock has stratum 0, so the radio clock is currently being preferred.

Every time a **when** count reaches the **poll** number in the same line, the NTP daemon queries the time from the corresponding time source and resets the **when** count to 0. The query results of each polling cycle are filtered and used as a measure for the clock's quality and reachability.

The column **reach** shows if a reference time source could be reached at the last polling intervals, i.e. data could be read from the reference time source, and the **reference time source was synchronized**. The value must be interpreted as an 8 bit shift register whose contents is for historical reasons displayed as octal values. If the NTP daemon has just been started, the value is 0. Each time a query was successful a '1' is shifted in from the right, so after the daemon has been started the sequence of reach numbers is 0, 1, 3, 7, 17, 37, 77, 177, 377. The maximum value 377 means that the eight last queries were completed successfully.

Queries are considered successful if data can be received from the time source, and the time source in turn claims to be synchronized to some other timesource. In case of a hardware reference clock this means the query considered unsuccessful if the hardware reference clock is not synchronized to its incoming time signal, e.g. because the clock's antenna has been disconnected, or if no data can be received e.g. because the serial cable to an external device has been disconnected.

The NTP daemon must have reached a reference time source several times (reach not 0) before it selects a preferred time source and puts an asterisk in the first column.

The columns **delay**, **offset** and **jitter** show some timing values which are derived from the query results. In some versions of **ntpq** the last column is labeled **disp** (for dispersion) instead of **jitter**. All values are in in milliseconds. The **delay** value is derived from the roundtrip time of the queries. The **offset** value shows the difference between the reference time and the system clock. The **jitter** value indicates the magnitude of jitter between several time queries.
===== Client =====

Sul client si può sincronizzare l'orologio con ''**ntpdate**'' e fare il debug con ''**ntpdate -d**''. Ecco un debug di fallimento:

<code>
# ntpdate -d ntp.texnet.it
15 Dec 12:19:03 ntpdate[4612]: ntpdate 4.2.0a@1:4.2.0a+stable-2-r Fri Aug 26 10:30:13 UTC 2005 (1)
transmit(217.19.151.200)
receive(217.19.151.200)
transmit(217.19.151.200)
receive(217.19.151.200)
transmit(217.19.151.200)
receive(217.19.151.200)
transmit(217.19.151.200)
receive(217.19.151.200)
transmit(217.19.151.200)
217.19.151.200: Server dropped: strata too high
server 217.19.151.200, port 123
stratum 16, precision -18, leap 11, trust 000
refid [217.19.151.200], delay 0.02591, dispersion 0.00000
transmitted 4, in filter 4
reference time:    00000000.00000000  Thu, Feb  7 2036  7:28:16.000
originate timestamp: c74bcfa7.c9737542  Thu, Dec 15 2005 12:19:03.786
transmit timestamp:  c74bcfa7.a08bc9cd  Thu, Dec 15 2005 12:19:03.627
filter delay:  0.02608  0.02592  0.02592  0.02591
         0.00000  0.00000  0.00000  0.00000
filter offset: 0.159672 0.159616 0.159610 0.159614
         0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
delay 0.02591, dispersion 0.00000
offset 0.159614

15 Dec 12:19:03 ntpdate[4612]: no server suitable for synchronization found
</code>

Ecco invece una situazione funzionante:

<code>
ulisse:~# ntpdate -d ntp.texnet.it
15 Dec 12:38:35 ntpdate[4677]: ntpdate 4.2.0a@1:4.2.0a+stable-2-r Fri Aug 26 10:30:13 UTC 2005 (1)
transmit(217.19.151.200)
receive(217.19.151.200)
transmit(217.19.151.200)
receive(217.19.151.200)
transmit(217.19.151.200)
receive(217.19.151.200)
transmit(217.19.151.200)
receive(217.19.151.200)
transmit(217.19.151.200)
server 217.19.151.200, port 123
stratum 3, precision -18, leap 00, trust 000
refid [217.19.151.200], delay 0.02594, dispersion 0.00000
transmitted 4, in filter 4
reference time:    c74bd411.79bc44bf  Thu, Dec 15 2005 12:37:53.475
originate timestamp: c74bd43b.82be596c  Thu, Dec 15 2005 12:38:35.510
transmit timestamp:  c74bd43b.919988d2  Thu, Dec 15 2005 12:38:35.568
filter delay:  0.02609  0.02596  0.02594  0.02597
         0.00000  0.00000  0.00000  0.00000
filter offset: -0.05817 -0.05821 -0.05822 -0.05823
         0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
delay 0.02594, dispersion 0.00000
offset -0.058220

15 Dec 12:38:35 ntpdate[4677]: adjust time server 217.19.151.200 offset -0.058220 sec
</code>